DETECTION OF VIABLE BUT NONCULTURABLE E. COLI INDUCED BY LOW-LEVEL ANTIMICROBIALS USING AI-ENABLED HYPERSPECTRAL MICROSCOPY

Rapid detection of bacterial pathogens is essential for food safety and public health, yet bacteria can evade detection by entering a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state under sublethal stress, such as antimicrobial residues.These bacteria remain active but undetectable by standard culture-based methods without extensive enrichment, necessitating

In this paper, we introduce the concept of multi-dimensional (MD) space-time shift keying (STSK) for improving conventional STSK schemes, while still maintaining the general STSK structure for backward compatibility.Firstly, we design two transmission modes for three-dimensional billionaire boys club discount code 2023 (3-D) STSK schemes, referred